‘Twas the Sunday before Christmas, the eve of the winter solstice, and festive holiday lights blinked of bright red and green. And then, shortly after 9:30 p.m. on Dec. 20, so did the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory’s (HVO’s) volcano alert level/aviation color codes for Kilauea!
In the near blink of an eye, Kilauea Volcano’s NORMAL/GREEN status was quickly increased to WARNING/RED as lava returned to Halema‘uma‘u.
There was concern that magma- or lava-water interactions might result in explosive activity at Kilauea’s summit due to the intriguing water lake that formed within Halema‘uma‘u over the past 17 months. However, the water lake quickly boiled away in large billows of steam that reached more than 30,000 feet into the sky, as streams of lava fed by fountaining vents in the crater walls filled the space where the water once pooled. The water lake was replaced by a lava lake.
As described in recent “Volcano Watch” articles and Information Statements, HVO observed increasing levels of seismicity and ground deformation at Kilauea summit for several weeks prior to this eruption. Precursory signals were not continuous however, as seismic swarms and deformation transients would diminish and return to background levels before ramping up again, such as they did before and after the small intrusion on December 2. No changes in gas emissions or the state of the water lake were observed.
Nevertheless, based on patterns of earthquakes and deformation, HVO was planning to increase Kilauea’s alert level/aviation color code to ADVISORY/YELLOW on Monday, Dec. 21, but the eruption started the night before instead!
The eruption was preceded by an earthquake swarm beneath the summit around 8:30 p.m. Ground deformation transients detected by summit tiltmeters immediately before the eruption were surprisingly small, and there were no changes in gas emissions or other data. A bright glow and vigorous steam plume, generated by the boiling water lake in Halema‘uma‘u, was subsequently observed on HVO webcams beginning approximately 9:30 p.m.
HVO elevated Kilauea’s volcano alert level to WARNING and its aviation color code to RED on Dec. 20 as the progression of events was uncertain and there was concern for potential steam-driven explosions and related hazards.
HVO scientists responded immediately and visually confirmed from the field that lava was visible within Halema‘uma‘u. The steam plume dissipated shortly thereafter.
The eruption began as three fissures opened in the north and northwest walls of Halema‘uma‘u, behavior that is not uncommon for Kilauea. When magma migrates upwards to the surface as a dike it does so along the path of least resistance, which is on crater walls versus the crater floor.
On December 21, HVO lowered Kilauea’s volcano alert level to WATCH, meaning “eruption is underway but poses limited hazards.” The aviation color code was lowered to ORANGE, meaning “eruption is underway with no or minor volcanic-ash emissions.” At present, the primary hazard of concern regarding this new activity at Kilauea’s summit is the high level of volcanic gas, which is generating volcanic air pollution (vog) downwind.
As of Dec. 24, two vents continue to feed the rapidly enlarging lava lake filling Halema‘uma‘u crater. If the eruption continues at its current rate, these two remaining vents will soon be inundated, possibly by the time this article is published. As of 7 a.m., the lake was 554 feet deep. The surface area was 69 acres and lake shape was still roughly oval with an east-west length of 780 yards and a north-south width of 500 yards.
The eruption is currently confined to Halema‘uma‘u within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and monitoring data show no changes to the lower East Rift Zone or other parts of the volcano. Seismicity and ground deformation have been concentrated at the summit and the eruption is stable, with no indications of imminent summit collapse like in 2018.
This eruption has already provided new and exciting scientific observations, which we’ll be sharing in future “Volcano Watch” articles. For now, check the Kilauea Current Eruption webpage for information and field updates on the ongoing activity.
A short period of quiescence — about 28 months following the 2018 eruption — has ended for Kilauea Volcano. The summit water lake era has come and gone and a new era of eruption activity is upon us — lava has returned to Halema’uma’u.
