A new project at the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) is once again making use of old aerial photographs and field notes that were used to make geologic and hazard maps. Buried within hundreds of old mapping photos and field notes are the locations and thicknesses of several ash deposits on the flanks of Mauna Loa that have never been fully quantified.
Ash deposits are a product of explosive volcanic eruptions that have periodically dominated past eruptive activity. The largest explosive eruptions deposited thick ash layers that covered wide areas of Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes. Knowing the locations and thicknesses of related ash deposits allows us to better characterize the explosive nature of these eruptions.
Aerial photographs of the Earth’s surface can be taken from any type of aircraft, including satellites, airplanes, helicopters, or Unoccupied Aircraft Systems. In traditional aerial photography, a large-format camera is mounted under a fixed-wing airplane that flies in rows of straight lines, capturing sequential overlapping photos of the area below it.
Air photo perspectives can be oblique or vertical, depending on their intended use. Many air photos are used to create orthophotos, which are vertical air photos that have been corrected to remove distortion from camera tilt, lens aberrations, and topographic relief. Both orthophoto and topographic maps can be made from aerial photos and allow true distances and angles to be measured.
The USGS mapping group began acquiring air photos for mapping in the 1930s in conjunction with the military and US Department of Agriculture (USDA). At least one air photo survey was done per decade between the 1950s and 1970s for each of the Hawaiian Islands. Over the Island of Hawaii, for example, photographic surveys were flown in 1954 (USGS HAI), 1961 (USGS VXJ), 1964-65 (USDA EKL), and 1976-78 (USGS VEEC).
Digital copies of black and white aerial photographs for the Hawaiian Islands can be accessed through the University of Hawaii at Manoa: Maps, Aerial Photographs, and GIS website (https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/magis). The website provides an image viewer with flight lines taken during the surveys and the location of each air photo.
HVO geologists used air photos as the primary way to map geologic features and locate their position in the field prior to the widespread availability of GPS. They used landmarks (roads, trees, buildings, faults, streams) to find where they were in the field, and then they put a pin hole through the air photo and labeled the back with a site number. They recorded the site number in their field notebook, along with the geologic observations made at that locality. Interestingly, this is still a useful skill when you can’t get a good GPS location.
Compiling decades-worth of aerial photos and field notes into digital form is a Herculean task. So far, more than a thousand ash locations around the Island of Hawaii, primarily on Mauna Loa, have been compiled. Of these, about 230 stratigraphic sections containing ash have been constructed, based on information from old field notes and constrained by the ages of lava flows that have been dated.
Dating charcoal found within ash deposits and adjacent lava flows helps constrain how often explosive eruptions occur. See the Volcano Watch article from Oct. 22, 2020, “Charcoal, a game changer for understanding processes in young volcanic terranes.”
Ash deposits on the flanks of Mauna Loa span ages as young as 380 years BP to older than 31,000 years BP. Ash thickness ranges from about 1 inch to more than 33 feet. However, much more work needs to be done to determine how frequent explosive eruptions are and how many individual explosive events these ash layers represent.
The new information extracted from these old air photos and from revisiting these sites will contribute to a better understanding of future explosive eruptions on the Big Island. The ash horizons contain critical information about eruptions including how big they can get, where their sources are, and how often they occur. The goal is to build better assessments of the hazards of explosive eruptions and how they may affect the communities that are currently living on the flanks of Hawaii’s most active volcanoes.
Volcano Watch is a weekly article and activity update written by U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists and affiliates.
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Volcano Activity Updates
Kilauea Volcano is erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert level is at WATCH (https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/about-alert-levels). Kilauea updates are issued daily.
Lava activity is confined to Halemaʻumaʻu with lava erupting from a vent on the northwest side of the crater and flowing into a growing lava lake. Laser rangefinder measurements on March 25 indicate that the lava in the western (active) portion of the lake was 735 feet deep, with the eastern portion of the lava lake solidified at the surface. The summit tiltmeters recorded neither inflationary nor deflationary tilt over the past day. Sulfur dioxide emission rates measured on March 22 were 950 t/d. Seismicity remains stable, with elevated tremor. For the most current information on the eruption, see https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/current-eruption.
Mauna Loa is not erupting and remains at Volcano Alert Level ADVISORY. This alert level does not mean that an eruption is imminent or that progression to an eruption from the current level of unrest is certain. Mauna Loa updates are issued weekly.
This past week, about 81 small-magnitude earthquakes were recorded beneath the upper-elevations of Mauna Loa; most of these occurred at depths of less than about 4 miles. GPS measurements show continued slow summit inflation, consistent with magma supply to the volcano’s shallow storage system. A slight increase in the rate of inflation at the summit, that began in January, is continuing. Gas concentrations and fumarole temperatures at both the summit and at Sulphur Cone on the Southwest Rift Zone remain stable. Webcams show no changes to the landscape. For more information on current monitoring of Mauna Loa Volcano, see: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna-loa/monitoring.
There were four events with three or more felt reports in the Hawaiian Islands during the past week: a magnitude-2.9 earthquake 4 miles east-northeast of Pahala at 19 miles depth on March 24 at 8:27 a.m., a magnitude-3.0 earthquake 5 miles south-southwest of Leilani Estates at 3 miles depth on March 23 at 9:34 p.m., a magnitude-2.7 earthquake 1 mile south of Pahala at 19 miles depth on March 18 at 1:06 p.m., and a magnitude-3.5 earthquake 12 miles west-northwest of Volcano at less than 1 mile depth on March 18 at 8:23 a.m.
