A fog of suffocating smoke settles over the Indonesian countryside, sickening hundreds of thousands of people and triggering an environmental crisis.
A fog of suffocating smoke settles over the Indonesian countryside, sickening hundreds of thousands of people and triggering an environmental crisis.
In Peru, officials abandon plans to host the lucrative Dakar Rally and prepare instead for torrential rains and devastating floods.
And in Ethiopia, crops perish for lack of seasonal rain as United Nations officials warn of imminent famine.
Although many Californians hope forecasts of a “Godzilla” El Nino will deliver drought-busting rains this winter, mention of the mysterious climate phenomenon inspires dread in much of the world.
Its long-distance, or teleconnected, effects are so great that some researchers argue it doubles the risk of war in much of the Third World.
“It’s a spawner of hazards everywhere,” said El Nino researcher Michael “Mickey” Glantz, director of the Consortium for Capacity Building at the University of Colorado, Boulder.
“Some people like to say it has positive aspects, but generally speaking it’s doom and gloom,” said Glantz, who operates the website elninoreadynations.com. “It’s more damage than success.”
Periodic warming of the Pacific Ocean has occurred for thousands of years, but only recently have scientists come to appreciate its global reach, or even recognize its telltale signs.
In its simplest sense, El Nino’s effects are like placing a large stone in a shallow river, according to David Pierce, a climate researcher at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography. “It causes ripples that run far downstream,” he said.
Normally, the hottest ocean surface temperatures on the planet are found in the western Pacific, near Indonesia. During an El Nino, however, these warm, rain-generating waters slide east, creating conditions for large storms.
This can also alter the path of powerful jet stream currents high above the Earth, disrupting seasonal weather patterns in profound ways.
Seasonal rains can fail to arrive in parts of India, Africa and Southeast Asia, killing crops and stoking wildfires. In parts of North and South America, a succession of pounding storms can roll over the landscape, as if delivered by an atmospheric conveyor belt.
In Southern California, El Nino is best known for traffic-halting downpours, overflowing rivers and debris flows. Yet El Nino’s ability to steer rain away from agricultural fields has earned it the greatest infamy.
“It’s the intense drought that causes the greatest human casualties and crop devastation,” said writer and historian Mike Davis, author of “Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World.”
In fact, a series of catastrophic famines that killed more than 30 million people in India and China in the late 19th century caused researchers to first take note of the phenomenon we now call El Nino.
Using his Indian clerical staff as a virtual human computer to parse weather data, British mathematician Sir Gilbert Walker correlated recurring monsoon failures and drought to seesawing atmospheric pressure in the eastern and western Pacific.
Today, U.N. officials insist the world is better prepared than ever to deal with the consequences of El Nino, yet they still warn that 11 million children are at risk from hunger, disease and lack of water in eastern and southern Africa alone.
The U.N. World Meteorological Organization co-hosted an international science conference last week at Columbia University to boost preparedness.
“This El Nino is going to tell us a lot about the state of food security across the globe,” Davis said.
Drought causes other dangers as well. In Indonesia, slash-and-burn clearing of agricultural land has given rise to rampant forest fires. These massive fires, which have occurred during every El Nino since 1982, have sickened hundreds of thousands of people and killed 19 already this year.
The smoke, which has spread to Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines and Thailand, has also released enormous quantities of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, according to researchers.
El Nino-inspired drought or flooding can have other health effects: Outbreaks of cholera, typhoid and other diarrheal diseases can occur in areas where flood waters have been contaminated by human or animal feces, health experts say.
El Nino’s damaging effects are not confined to land.
Warming Pacific waters can generate an increase in hurricanes, and El Nino was cited as a possible factor in the creation of Hurricane Patricia, one of the strongest hurricanes ever recorded.
“Warm water is kind of rocket fuel for those hurricanes,” said Josh Willis, a climatologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in La Canada Flintridge, Calif.
Similarly, researchers at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration cited the warming effects of El Nino as a factor in a recently declared global coral bleaching event. Temperature change is one of several factors that can cause coral reefs to lose their coating of algae, turning them white and endangering their survival.
The first time a global bleaching event was declared was in 1998, during another strong El Nino.
But El Nino’s effect on fisheries gave it its unique name. Before it was understood to be a global event, fishermen in Peru and Ecuador used the term to describe the warm currents that sometimes arrived around Christmas time and seemed to drive fish away. El Nino, Spanish for “the child,” was a reference to the birth of Christ.
Normally, trade winds that blow from east to west cause an upwelling of deep, cold, nutrient-rich water along the coast of South America. This cool water sustains fish like anchovies, which are used internationally to feed livestock. During El Nino, however, the trade winds slow, or collapse entirely, putting an end to the upwelling — and the anchovy fisheries.
Glantz said that this not only affects the Peruvian anglers but also sends shock waves through the commodities market as the price for soybeans — another source of livestock feed — rises.
“It kind of starts a chain reaction around the globe,” Glantz said.