WASHINGTON — Not longer after he became the country’s top telecom regulator in 2009, Julius Genachowski wanted to find out what it was like to be a 911 dispatcher. He thought it’d be wise to learn about the systems he’d be overseeing. So he went to Fairfax County, Virginia and spent a day behind a desk with call-takers.
WASHINGTON — Not longer after he became the country’s top telecom regulator in 2009, Julius Genachowski wanted to find out what it was like to be a 911 dispatcher. He thought it’d be wise to learn about the systems he’d be overseeing. So he went to Fairfax County, Virginia and spent a day behind a desk with call-takers.
Genachowki wondered: What happened when someone dialed 911 from a cell phone? How easily could they be found on a map? The director of the call center suggested Genachowski pull out his own phone and try it. So he did — but instead of showing the dispatcher the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission was sitting right there, the system showed the call as coming from inside the Costco across the street.
The dispatcher hit a button in an attempt to “re-bid” — asking the network to refresh the data for a better fix. This time was a little better, but not by much. The system thought Genachowski was standing in the back of the store, by the meat and fish section. The third re-bid attempt wasn’t much better.
“It moved him from where he was in the store up to where they sell the pizzas and the hot dogs,” said Steve Souder, the director of the Fairfax call center. “That was closer than where he was the first time, but still a quarter-mile away from where he was.”
If it were a real emergency, first-responders would’ve burst into the Costco supermarket looking for a person who wasn’t there.
Public safety officials say this location problem is widespread. While the data to prove this is spotty and unavailable in many places, a new study of the nation’s capital appears to show some alarming results underscoring that claim.
Over a six-month period in 2013, the District of Columbia data show, calls to 911 were easily narrowed down to a general geographic area covered by a single cell tower. But many of those calls lacked the latitude-longitude data required by federal regulations for pinpointing people in distress.
The more specific data was missing for as many as 90 percent of such calls over a six-month period last year, according to data from the District of Columbia government that was provided to the FCC and obtained by The Washington Post. Dispatchers in some cases may have been able to get an address from the caller. But in other cases — for instance, where the caller was unable to speak due to danger or injury — dispatchers would have had little to go on aside from a search area the size of a few city blocks.
In the midst of a crisis, first-responders shouldn’t have to hunt for the scene — particularly when it concerns the nation’s capital, said Adm. Jamie Barnett, a former head of the FCC’s public safety and homeland security bureau who now advocates for 911 dispatchers.
“When you talk to those folks, you can really tell that they are upset about this,” he said. “They are having people die on the phone because they can’t find them.”
A recent survey of 911 call centers, also known as public safety answering points (PSAPs), found that only 187 of 1,000 expressed “a great deal of confidence” in the location data they get from wireless carriers during emergency calls.
Location data is broken down into two types: “Phase I,” which is generally measured in the hundreds of meters, and “Phase II,” which is more specific — down to within 150 meters of the caller. Wireless carriers are fairly efficient at providing Phase I data using cell towers, but as the study of District of Columbia data suggests, obtaining Phase II information is a different story.
Wireless industry officials are pushing back against the study, arguing that it doesn’t account for re-bids. If attempts to improve the Phase II data were included in the charts, the numbers would look dramatically better, they say. And if some 911 dispatchers aren’t performing re-bids at all, then that’s their own fault. An analysis by T-Mobile last year showed that, for instance, dispatchers in some California call centers made re-bids for only one in five calls.
The industry may have a point. Public safety officials concede that re-bids work; Fairfax’s Souder said that in his experience, the process results in between 60 percent and 80 percent of calls getting accurate Phase II data eventually. It’s unclear whether District of Columbia dispatchers perform re-bids; the Office of Unified Communications, which oversees calls to 911, did not return multiple requests for an interview.
But the critique about the study’s methodology is a distraction, public safety officials say. Here’s why: Every time a re-bid is triggered, it starts a process that can run for as long as 30 seconds while the phone tries to acquire a line-of-sight connection with an orbiting GPS satellite. If the caller is indoors, as an estimated 64 percent of wireless calls to 911 are, they’ll never get an accurate reading. Mashing the re-bid button will not be enough to overcome concrete walls, no matter how many times a dispatcher tries.
Even for callers dialing 911 from outdoors, the time it takes to perform a re-bid means that by the time more accurate readings arrive, it may already be too late. Seconds count; in the United States, heart attacks kill people at a rate of one per minute.
The FCC under Genachowki’s successor, Tom Wheeler, has proposed new rules that would require carriers to provide location data accurate to 50 meters within 30 seconds of a dispatcher picking up a call. If the regulation is approved, 80 percent of all cell phone calls to 911 would have to satisfy that rule. But if the rates of compliance are really as low as the District of Columbia study makes it out to be even under the existing regulation, the industry may have a long way to go.